RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Part of colorectal cancer cases occurs due to modifications in the DNA mismatch repair system, which are responsible for microsatellite instability. This alteration results in an unconventional phenotypic pattern of colorectal cancer. AIMS: To describe the epidemiological, histopathological and molecular profiles of patients with colorectal cancer who underwent surgical treatment in a reference hospital. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, retrospective study with a quantitative approach, that included a review of patients' medical records who underwent oncological surgery for colorectal cancer. RESULTS: A total of 122 colorectal cancer cases were identified, with microsatellite instability detected in 8.2% of the sample. The gender distribution was similar, with 52.46% males, and the weighted average age was 63 years (standard deviation±11.65). However, in the microsatellite instability group, the predominant age was below 60 years. Regarding the histological type, adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified accounted for 80.33% of the cases, being the most prevalent in both groups, with the mucinous type being more frequent among the instability cases. The pT3 pathological staging (46.72%) was the most predominant. The topography was more prevalent on the left (60.66%), but there was a significant difference when compared to the group with microsatellite instability, in which 80% of the neoplasms were located on the right (p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Differences in age and neoplastic topography found in microsatellite instability samples highlight the distinctive presentation pattern of the disease. Recognizing these characteristics is essential for developing prevention strategies, in addition to early and accurate diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais , Instabilidade de Microssatélites , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/cirurgia , Neoplasias Colorretais/diagnóstico , Estudos Transversais , Reparo de Erro de Pareamento de DNA , Hospitais , Proteína 1 Homóloga a MutL/genética , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , IdosoRESUMO
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Part of colorectal cancer cases occurs due to modifications in the DNA mismatch repair system, which are responsible for microsatellite instability. This alteration results in an unconventional phenotypic pattern of colorectal cancer. AIMS: To describe the epidemiological, histopathological and molecular profiles of patients with colorectal cancer who underwent surgical treatment in a reference hospital. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, retrospective study with a quantitative approach, that included a review of patients' medical records who underwent oncological surgery for colorectal cancer. RESULTS: A total of 122 colorectal cancer cases were identified, with microsatellite instability detected in 8.2% of the sample. The gender distribution was similar, with 52.46% males, and the weighted average age was 63 years (standard deviation±11.65). However, in the microsatellite instability group, the predominant age was below 60 years. Regarding the histological type, adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified accounted for 80.33% of the cases, being the most prevalent in both groups, with the mucinous type being more frequent among the instability cases. The pT3 pathological staging (46.72%) was the most predominant. The topography was more prevalent on the left (60.66%), but there was a significant difference when compared to the group with microsatellite instability, in which 80% of the neoplasms were located on the right (p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Differences in age and neoplastic topography found in microsatellite instability samples highlight the distinctive presentation pattern of the disease. Recognizing these characteristics is essential for developing prevention strategies, in addition to early and accurate diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
RESUMO RACIONAL: Parte dos casos de câncer colorretal ocorre devido a alterações nas enzimas de reparo do DNA, responsáveis pela instabilidade de microssatélites. Esta alteração resulta em um padrão fenotípico não convencional de câncer colorretal. OBJETIVOS: Descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos, histopatológicos e moleculares dos pacientes com câncer colorretal submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico em hospital de referência. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, retrospectivo com abordagem quantitativa, com revisão de prontuários médicos de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia oncológica por câncer colorretal. RESULTADOS: Foram registrados 122 casos de câncer colorretal, com instabilidade de microssatélites detectada em 8,2% da amostra. A distribuição por sexo foi semelhante, sendo 52,46% do sexo masculino, e média ponderada de idade de 63 anos (±11,65), contudo no grupo com instabilidade, a faixa etária predominante foi abaixo de 60 anos. Em relação ao tipo histológico, o adenocarcinoma sem outra especificação representou 80,33% dos casos, sendo o mais prevalente em ambos os grupos, mas com maior frequência do tipo mucinoso em caso de instabilidade. O estadiamento patológico pT3 (46,72%) foi predominante. A topografia da neoplasia foi mais prevalente à esquerda (60,66%), mas houve diferença significativa em relação ao grupo com instabilidade de microssatélites, no qual 80% das neoplasias localizavam-se à direita (p=0,006019). CONCLUSÕES: As diferenças de idade e topografia neoplásica encontradas nas amostras com instabilidade de microssatélites destacam o padrão não habitual de apresentação da doença. O conhecimento, portanto, dessas distinções é necessário para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de prevenção, além de diagnóstico precoce e preciso do câncer colorretal.
RESUMO
Introdução: Os tumores neuroendócrinos pancreáticos são considerados raros. Eles são classificados em funcionantes e não funcionantes. Objetivo: Definir e classificar tumores neuroendócrinos pancreáticos de acordo com sua avaliação histopatológica e imunoistoquímica, associado aos critérios diagnósticos. Método: Trata-se de revisão narrativa sobre publicações encontradas no PubMed, SciELO e Google Acadêmico. Resultados: Esses tumores podem ser bem ou pouco diferenciados e apresentam características microscópicas distintas. As células bem diferenciadas têm formato pequeno, núcleos uniformes redondos ou ovais, citoplasma finamente granular indicando forte capacidade secretória e mantêm a estrutura organoide. A presença de necrose tumoral, atividade mitótica aumentada e índice de Ki-67 elevado indicam alta probabilidade de neoplasia neuroendócrina. Cromogranina A e sinaptofisina favorecem o diagnóstico do bem diferenciado. Já a marcação positiva do BCL 10 em conjunto com a ausência de expressão da cromogranina A e da sinaptofisina mostram a precária diferenciação tumoral. A presença de marcação positiva para as expressões hormonais não define o tumor como funcionante. Conclusão: Houve aumento do diagnóstico de tumores neuroendócrinos pancreáticos com o uso de técnicas de imagem e a conscientização sobre a doença. A análise histopatológica com imunoistoquímica, especialmente quando há sintomas consumptivos, podem indicar o tipo do carcinoma e induzir ao mais adequado tratamento.
Introduction: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are considered rare. They are classified into functioning and non-functioning. Objective: To define and classify pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors according to their histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation, associated with diagnostic criteria. Method: This is a narrative review of publications found in PubMed, SciELO and Google Scholar. \Results: These tumors can be well or poorly differentiated and have distinct microscopic characteristics. Well-differentiated cells are small in shape, have uniform round or oval nuclei, finely granular cytoplasm indicating strong secretory capacity, and maintain the organoid structure. Presence of tumor necrosis, increased mitotic activity and high Ki-67 index indicate a high probability of neuroendocrine neoplasia. Chromogranin A and synaptophysin favor the diagnosis of well-differentiated. The positive staining of BCL 10 together with the absence of expression of chromogranin A and synaptophysin show poor tumor differentiation. The presence of positive staining for hormone expressions does not define the tumor as functioning. Conclusion: There was an increase in the diagnosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors with the use of imaging techniques and awareness of the disease. Histopathological analysis with immunohistochemistry, especially when there are consuming symptoms, can indicate the type of carcinoma and lead to the most appropriate treatment.
